Search

Domain: Education

Understanding Dropout Trajectories and Resilience Factors among Adolescent Girls in Jharkhand: An Evaluation of Aangan India’s School and Safety Model

Jharkhand continues to record high dropout rates among adolescent girls despite efforts by the state government and civil society organisations. This is largely due to multiple factors such as high prevalence of poverty, migration, child marriage, burden of unpaid care work, and more. To address this issue, Aangan Trust, a Delhi-based organisation, with their primary […]

Building Resilient School Systems for Comprehensive Response to Education in Emergencies

This toolkit is aimed at helping the process of making a school more resilient and responsive. Although aimed at better preparedness for education in emergencies, it has been prepared with the basic premise that only if a school or school-system is resilient in its functioning during ‘normal’ times will it become capable of responding quickly […]

Holistic Skills for Early Childhood Education in India

With the acceptance of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and subsequent developments such as National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy (Nipun Bharat) by the Government of India, the country has redefined the early years for education as covering children between 3–5-year-olds to 3-8year-olds, which is close to a widely acceptable definition […]

Scoping Study: Curriculum, Learning, and Assessment of Foundational Learning in India

With the acceptance of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and subsequent developments such as National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy (NIPUN BHARAT) by the Government of India, the country has redefined the early years for education as covering children between 3–5 year-olds to 3-8 year-olds, which is close to a widely […]

Scoping Study: Curriculum, Learning, and Assessment of Foundational Learning in India to Provide a Road Map to Incorporate Holistic Skill Development

This project examines the concept of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) in Maharashtra and Rajasthan. Following the conception of holistic development of children as envisaged in the NEP 2020, this project looks into the ‘what’ and ‘how’ of the breadth of skills required for holistic development, unlike the older conceptions, which were limited to literacy and numeracy. Six models of ECCE (Government and Non-government) in both rural and urban areas of Maharashtra and Rajasthan will be identified. The project aims to develop a deeper understanding of the pedagogy and delivery of ECD in those particular models.

Policy Brief: Public Expenditure on School Education and Quality of Educational Provisions in Assam Tea Garden Region Schools

The tea gardens of Assam are a vital component of the state’s geography and economy, employing approximately 1 million workers across 856 gardens and contributing significantly to the political landscape by electing 25-30 representatives to the 126-seat state assembly. The workforce, predominantly classified as tea tribes, constitutes about 20% of Assam’s total population. Despite their […]

Public Expenditure on School Education and Quality of Educational Provisions in Assam Tea Garden Region Schools

This study examines the public expenditure on school education in Assam, focusing specifically on tea garden areas, which are home to approximately 10 lakh workers and represent a significant portion of the state’s population. The research highlights the challenges faced by tea garden schools, including high teacher-student ratios, irregular attendance, and poor compliance with the […]

Empowerment-based Mentoring Model for Adolescent Children: Action-Research in Bihar

This report presents the findings and methodologies of the Empowerment-based Mentoring Model for Adolescent Girls: Action Research in Bihar (BMP). The BMP was developed to address the educational challenges faced by adolescent children, especially girls, in Bihar, India. The project aimed to create an empowerment-based mentoring framework that could be seamlessly integrated into public school […]

The Effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic and Economic Distress on Education: A View from the Margins

With school closures and a disruption of education during the Covid-19 pandemic, children across India suffered a loss of learning. However, children from the most marginalised groups faced a disproportionate impact. Long periods of school closure push children from deprived sections into labour, sexual and labour trafficking, early marriages and long-term drop outs from school […]

Gendered impact of COVID-19 on education of school-aged children in Uttar Pradesh

The policy brief explores the impact of the pandemic on households in Uttar Pradesh (UP), with a focus on the economic distress and support measures provided. The brief is based on a survey of 944 households in rural and peri-urban areas across 11 districts. Key findings include:  Vulnerability: Uttar Pradesh was found to be particularly […]

Gendered impact of COVID-19 on education of school-aged children in India

The policy brief highlights that while a large proportion of households across India received some form of government support during the pandemic, there were significant variations in the type and reach of support across different states. Food distribution was the most common form of assistance, but its effectiveness varied. Anganwadi centres were more effective in […]

Gendered impact of COVID-19 on education of school-aged children in Bihar

The policy brief examines the impact of the pandemic on households in Bihar, with a focus on economic distress and support measures. It is based on a survey of 590 households across six districts in Bihar. Key findings include: 1. Food and Ration Access: A significant majority of families (92%) reported receiving uncooked food or […]

Gendered impact of COVID-19 on education of school-aged children in Assam

The policy brief discusses the impact of the pandemic on households in Assam, focusing on economic distress and responses to mitigate it. The brief is based on a survey of 484 households in rural and peri-urban areas across five districts. Key findings from the brief include: 1. Vulnerability: The state of Assam was found to […]

Postcards: Learning through Letters

The Learning through Letters Postcard Pack consists of a series of 50 letters and activities sent as postcards, designed for students in Bihar. The postcards aimed to engage students in learning while schools were closed, with topics ranging from COVID-19, health, and nutrition, to social issues, critical thinking, and environmental awareness. Overall, the postcards were […]

A Review of Government Notifications on COVID Protocols and Child Entitlements

The report reviews government notifications on COVID-19 protocols and child entitlements in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Assam, and at the national level. Bihar provided food grains to students in place of mid-day meals, with door-to-door delivery for those with acute encephalitis syndrome. They also set up village-level book stalls. UP provided uniforms and shoes to […]

Developing Mentoring Approaches for Transformative Education: Context and Challenges

This paper documents the difficult contexts and challenges of implementing a mentoring model in Bihar, one of the most backwards states, both educationally and economically, in India. The purpose of the mentoring model is to develop critical thinking skills among socially disadvantaged children and to provide them with tools and resources so that they are […]

Bihar Mentorship Project: Endline Survey Key Findings Report

As part of the action-research project on creating an empowerment-based mentoring module for instigating critical thinking skills in adolescent children, CBPS had conducted a baseline survey in April 2018. The baseline survey covered 755 students across 10 schools from different regions in Bihar, collecting information on various parameters such as profile of students and their […]

Mapping of Select State and Union Government Ministry and Department Programmes and Schemes including Budget and Expenditure for Children’s Education

CBPS undertook a study that aimed to comprehensively map relevant programmes and schemes related to children’s education, and analyse the budget and expenditures of the same. Multiple Ministries and departments offer various programmes and schemes, with differing amounts of resources and budgets allocated to them. Some schemes have been interlinked with or subsumed under others, […]

Report: Full Public Expenditure on Children

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of public expenditure on children across six Indian states: Assam, Jharkhand, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Rajasthan. The study distinguishes between Child Specific Expenditure (CSE) and Child Inclusive Expenditure (CIE) to derive the Full Public Expenditure on Children (FPEC). Utilising both budgetary data and departmental inputs, the report captures expenditures […]

Quality and Systemic Functioning in Secondary Education in India: A Study in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan

Secondary education has gained relevance given India’s steady economic expansion over the previous two decades, spearheaded by high-skill industries like information technology, tourism, telecommunications, retail, etc. Employer surveys, however, suggest a scarcity of competent labor. Therefore, more people with secondary education are needed (World Bank, 2009) in order to maintain this scale of development. While […]

A Review of Master’s in Public Health Education in India

This study sought to critically appraise the proposed MPH model curriculum alongside existing institutional practices. It also aimed to assess the resources available to students, including teaching materials and academic research opportunities, as well as government support for universities and job prospects for graduates.

Life in the Time of Covid-19: Mapping the Impact of Covid-19 on the Lives of School-Going Children Especially Girls in India

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected marginalised populations globally. With most schools being closed, and online education emerging as a common substitute, children from underprivileged backgrounds have been the worst hit. Not surprisingly, gender has added an additional layer to this disenfranchisement. In India, numerous girls at the intersections of gender, class and other structural […]

Public Expenditure Review of Secondary Education Sector In Tamil Nadu

This policy brief reviewed the status of secondary education in Tamil Nadu (TN) and analysed public expenditure in this sector, highlighting challenges and opportunities for improvement. Despite TN’s performance exceeding the all-India average, it lagged behind Kerala, the top-performing state. The study found high net attendance ratios (NAR) at the upper-primary and secondary levels, yet […]

Public Expenditure Review of Secondary Education in Tamil Nadu

This report analysed public expenditure on secondary education in Tamil Nadu, focusing on its implications for educational access and quality. The study aimed to understand the directions, priorities, and reach of public spending in this critical sector, particularly given the state’s notable economic growth juxtaposed with significant disparities in educational attainment across districts. Data from […]

In-School Mentoring Module: A Handbook of Tools, Activities, and Games for Adolescent Girls and Boys

This module consists of a pedagogical approach that incorporates various experiences of empowerment-based education initiatives such as the ones practiced within Mahila Samakhya (MS), the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), social learning approaches (as practiced within CARE India), and other small-and large-scale models practices around the world. This module is developed as a flexible and […]

Teachers and Teaching Profession in South Asia

This working paper provides a historical analysis of education systems in the South Asian countries and tries to contextualise the development of the education system, with a special focus on teaching profession, within this framework. It looks at present system of education and teacher management (pre-service training, recruitment, transfers, in-service professional development, grievance redressal procedures) […]

Adaptive Behaviour Among Pre-School Children: Constructing Contextually Relevant Assessment Tools

Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) has gained significant global attention due to its critical role in child development and long-term societal benefits. Research from neuroscience and developmental psychology highlights sensitive periods in early brain development, influencing lifelong outcomes (Woodhead, 2006). The rationale for investing in ECCE extends beyond educational improvements to encompass economic returns, […]

Public Expenditure on Children in India: Trends and Patterns

The report “Public Expenditure on Children in India: Trends and Patterns” examines the public spending on children by the union and sixteen state governments in India over seven years (2012-2019). It highlights the importance of investments in children’s health, nutrition, education, and protection, emphasising the direct impact of such expenditures on child development and overall […]

Public Expenditure Review of School Education in Select States

This study reviews public expenditure on education in India, focusing on the patterns and priorities across various stages of school education, including preschool, primary, upper primary, secondary, and senior secondary levels. The analysis encompasses six states—Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Rajasthan—covering the fiscal years from 2012-13 to 2019-20. Before conducting a detailed […]

Costing Framework and Principles for Responsive ECCE Models

It is important to have an estimate for the cost of services by any provider, irrespective of whether the provider is a public or a private entity. An accurate estimate of costs for providing any particular service can help in more efficient planning, judicious use of resources and better decision – making regarding subsidies and […]

Developing ‘Responsive’ ECCE models in India

Scientific research on early childhood development has informed investments in Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) across the global south. Conceptual frameworks of ‘developmentally appropriate practice’ (DAP) guide ECCE policy and practice according to established norms for children’s development. However, DAP frameworks leave the universal and normative core of developmental thinking unaddressed. Based on an […]

National Capacities Strengthened to Address Gender Equality in Education

This study investigates the root causes of boys’ underachievement and disengagement from education, focusing on intersectional factors across individual, family, and societal levels. It also evaluates policy initiatives to address these challenges and explores the potential for scaling successful strategies.

Public Expenditure Review of School Education in Select States

The study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of budget and expenditure trends and fiscal accountability in school education in six states — Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Rajasthan — covering the period from 2011-12 to 2019-20.

A Critical Sociological Analysis of the Skills Development Initiative of India

The Vocationalisation of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (VSHSE) program was introduced in 2013 by the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) to offer optional vocational courses in schools, alongside academic subjects. The VSHSE was launched in Karnataka in 2014-15. In the first phase of a study by CBPS to understand the social impacts and […]

A Randomised Control Trial Evaluation of the Mentor Together Life Skills Mentoring Program

The report evaluated the impact of Mentor Together (MT), a pioneering one-to-one mentoring program in India, on high school students in urban Bangalore. Despite initiatives like the Right to Education and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan aimed at improving educational access, many adolescents face significant challenges, including high dropout rates, financial constraints, and early marriage. Recognising […]

Bihar Mentorship Project: Curriculum Linkages

The overall goal of the Bihar Mentoring Project (BMP) funded by the Malala Fund was to develop an empowerment-based mentoring model based on an action-research study of three years in ten urban and rural schools in Bihar. Focusing on adolescent boys and girls, the mentoring model introduced a new form of pedagogy that prioritised critical […]

Bihar Mentorship Project: Baseline Survey Report (English)

Funded and supported by the Malala Fund, the project titled Empowerment-based Mentoring Model for Adolescent Girls: Action Research in Bihar, created a mentoring model that aimed at honing leadership skills of adolescent girls and boys and providing them with tools and resources to develop critical thinking skills. In order to develop a responsive and scalable […]

Mahila Samakhya: A Reflection

Mahila Samakhya (MS), established by the Government of India in 1987, was a pioneering women’s education and empowerment programme that redefined education as a vehicle for both literacy and empowerment. Unlike typical government initiatives, MS placed rural women’s needs at its core, aiming to cultivate critical thinking and understanding of societal structures rather than merely […]

Public Finance for Children (PF4C) across 16 Indian States

The National Policy for Children, adopted in 2013, underscored the state’s commitment to securing children’s rights while addressing their needs throughout different life stages. As a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and committed to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), India recognised the importance of understanding the state commitments from […]

Public Expenditure on Secondary Education in Tamil Nadu – A critical analysis of size, sources, priorities, flow, processes and management

While public expenditure on secondary education in India is low compared to many countries, it is substantial. This study reviewed expenditure on secondary education in Tamil Nadu, focusing on the contributions of various departments and their budget allocations. The analysis (1) examined the overall spending on secondary education and the schemes from different departments (2) […]

Assessing the Effect of One-to-One Youth Mentoring Programme of High-Risk Adolescents

The field of youth mentoring in India is at a nascent stage in terms of the development of practice and evidence. CBPS conducted an evaluation of a mentoring program offered by Mentor Together for adolescents from socially and economically marginalised backgrounds. This program utilised a one-to-one mentoring approach aimed at helping mentees develop their social […]

Empowerment-based Mentoring Model for Adolescent Girls: Action Research in Bihar

The project aimed to demonstrate the impact of an empowerment-based mentoring model for adolescent girls that will develop leadership skills, allow them to develop critical thinking skills, examine and change their self-perceptions and aspirations, and enable actions related to themselves, their families and their communities.

Report 4: Research Studies on ECCE – Recommendations and Policy Directions for ECCE in India: Lessons Drawn From the Three Research Reports on ECCE

This report summarises the findings of the three research studies on ECCE undertaken: Status of ECCE: Provisions and Gaps in India, with special focus on three states (Delhi, Odisha and Telangana) Analysis of ICDS: Provisions and Budgets Analysis of the Costs and Resources of select non-ICDS ECCE models.   Drawing on these studies, it provides […]

Report 2: Research Studies on ECCE – Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS): An Analysis of the National Budgets With Special Reference to Three States (Delhi, Odisha and Telangana)

This report presents an analysis of ICDS national and state budgets (for Delhi, Odisha and Telangana) for four years from 2014-15 to 2017-18. It analyses these budgets in relation to changes in financial planning in India, following the introduction of the Fourteenth Finance Commission, as well as in relation to the specific populations and additional/differential […]

Research Studies on ECCE: Guide to Use the Reports

It is globally acknowledged that the first six years of a child’s life are the most critical years for life-long development as during these early years, children develop their cognitive, physical, social and emotional skills that lay the foundation for life-long learning and holistic growth. Save the Children, with its implementation experience across India, believes […]

Working Paper: Uneasy tenants in the Master’s house: Reflections on Mahila Samakhya

The working paperUneasy tenants in the Master’s house: Reflections on Mahila Samakhya published in 2018 focuses on Mahila Samakhya’s growth and the possible circumstances that led to the downfall. The Mahila Samakhya (MS) programme, initiated in 1988 under the National Policy on Education, sought to empower marginalised rural women in India through education and collective […]

Together We Can: Assessing the Impact of Women’s Action Groups on Social Change in India

This project was a part of the Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW), funded by IDRC. The aim of the project was two-fold: (i) To evaluate the impact of Mahila Samakhya (MS) programme on the economic empowerment of women, and (ii) To raise awareness and influence policies regarding collective action-based programmes among government functionaries, […]

Boys’ Underperformance in Education: Revisiting the Issue in the Commonwealth

Every child, regardless of gender, has the right to an education that offers not only academic learning but also training in the skills they will need to be successful in their particular environment. However, as recent statistics indicate, a significant percentage of children are still unable to access good quality education and so are denied […]

Report 1: Research Studies on Early Childhood Care and Education – Status Report on Implementation and Gaps of ECCE in India (With Special Focus on Delhi, Odisha and Telangana)

This section provides a context for the entire set of Research Studies on ECCE, commissioned by Save the Children, India. It presents a review of existing national and international literature on the significance of ECCE, the research evidence supporting its impacts, and various types of ECCE models and programmes from across the globe. Research in […]

Reviewing the Status of Education in Tribal Areas in Maharashtra

The Indian education system has historically struggled with expanding access to education without ensuring equitable opportunities or maintaining the quality of education, particularly for marginalized communities. Despite the introduction of the Right to Education Act (2009), learning outcomes remain inadequate, especially for children from tribal communities who face multiple layers of disadvantage—economic, social, cultural, and […]

Research Studies on Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE)

Save the Children aims to advocate ECCE as a fundamental right for children between the ages of 3 to 6 years. CBPS is commissioned to undertake a comprehensive study to review the status of ECCE policies and programmes in the country implemented by both the private and the public sector.

Midterm Review of M Venkatarangaiya Foundation’s Programme on “Ensuring Education for Children in Vulnerable Areas Across Two States in India”

The MV Foundation (MVF) project on ‘Ensuring Education for Children in Vulnerable Areas Across Two States in India’, was funded by the Tata Trust foundation with the purpose of ensuring universal enrolment and retention of children in schools through social mobilisation and awareness building, to pilot a model of teacher-led systemic change towards child friendly […]

Scoping Study for Starting Interventions in Karnataka for Room to Read

CBPS conducted a feasibility study for Room to Read, an education-focused nonprofit organization, in the areas of literacy and girls’ education. Since 2003, Room to Read has helped set up libraries in government schools, trained teachers on literacy instruction, and provided material, academic, and life skills support to girls. The feasibility study aimed to map […]

Working Conditions of Teachers: State Report for Karnataka

This report presents findings from a comprehensive study conducted by the Centre for Budget and Policy Studies (CBPS), Bangalore, under the project “National Study on Working Conditions of Teachers: Karnataka and Jharkhand,” as part of the NUEPA Research Reports Publications Series. The study focuses on documenting and analysing the working conditions of elementary and secondary […]

Scoping Study for Starting Interventions in Karnataka for Room to Read

Room to Read has been working in India since 2003 in the areas of Literacy and Girls’ Education. In the past thirteen years, Room to Read has helped set up libraries in government schools, trained teachers on literacy instruction, published children’s literature in local language and provided material, academic and life skills support to girls. In 2017, they plan to expand their operations in Karnataka. CBPS is conducting a feasibility study to guide their proposed expansion plans and recommend way forward.

Review of the Newly Introduced Online Process for Admissions Under Right To Education Act Section 12 (1) (C) in Private Unaided Schools in Karnataka

This paper explores the challenges of ensuring equitable access to primary education in Bangalore, one of India’s fastest-growing urban centers, in the context of the Right to Education (RTE) Act of 2009. Despite constitutional guarantees and legal mandates for free and compulsory education, urbanization and migration complicate the equitable provision of education. The study highlights […]

Why it is important to retain an independent Mahila Samakhya Programme

The policy brief titled “Why it is important to retain an independent Mahila Samakhya Programme,” prepared by the Centre for Budget and Policy Studies in 2016, argues for the continuation of the Mahila Samakhya (MS) programme. Launched in 1989 under India’s Ministry of Human Resource Development, MS promotes women’s empowerment through education and collective action, […]

The Kalikayatna Approach Towards Primary Education: A Study of the Learning Initiative of Prajayatna

This report seeks to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the Kalikayatna approach, an alternative learning method implemented in selected clusters across five districts in Karnataka. Despite Karnataka being one of India’s educationally advanced states, challenges like poor learning outcomes and significant urban-rural literacy gaps persist. A survey by the Karnataka School Quality Assessment and […]

Tracing the Education and Employment Status of Open School Graduates in India

Open education refers to a style of education with flexibility of admissions, as well as the when, where and what to learn. On the same theme, distance education refers to the process by which all or most of the instruction in an educational setting is conducted by someone removed in space and/or time from the […]

Policy Brief: Why it is important to retain an independent Mahila Samakhya Programme

The policy brief titled “Why it is important to retain an independent Mahila Samakhya Programme,” prepared by the Centre for Budget and Policy Studies in 2016, argues for the continuation of the Mahila Samakhya (MS) programme. Launched in 1989 under India’s Ministry of Human Resource Development, MS promotes women’s empowerment through education and collective action, […]

Residential Schooling Strategies: Impact on Girls’ Education and Empowerment

This study examines the various residential schooling strategies for girls within India’s publicly funded education system. While multiple initiatives exist, there is no cohesive national policy specifically targeting residential schooling, particularly for girls. Information about the performance and impact of these programs remains uneven and sporadic, with even less available on similar programs in the […]

Public Expenditure on Children in Karnataka: Trends and Tales

Children represent one of the most vulnerable sections of a society. In India, a large proportion of children face marginalisation and discrimination that significantly diminish their opportunities and life chances. Investing in children of all ages can ensure that they can be brought out of the vicious cycle of poverty, discrimination and exploitation. By ensuring […]

Residential Schools for Girls in India: Review of Policy and Practice

Several residential schooling strategies exist for girls in the publicly funded school system in India but there is no definite policy on residential schooling in general or for girls in particular. The information on the performance of these programmes remains uneven, isolated and sporadic. A good number also exist in private sector catering to both […]

National Study on Working Conditions of Teachers: State Report for Jharkhand

This report presents findings from a comprehensive study conducted by the Centre for Budget and Policy Studies (CBPS), Bangalore, under the project “National Study on Working Conditions of Teachers: Karnataka and Jharkhand. It presents a detailed analysis of teacher management practices in government schools across Jharkhand, India. Through a combination of desk reviews, data analysis, […]

A Feasibility and Validation Study of the Kalikayatna Initiative

This study examines Kalikayatna, a novel learning initiative focusing on ‘how’ children learn, in schools across India. The initiative arose from a need to address absenteeism and non-enrollment. The study also explores its feasibility of expansion in Karnataka.

Public Expenditure on Children in Karnataka

Children represent one of the most vulnerable sections of a society. In India, a large proportion of children face marginalisation and discrimination that significantly diminish their opportunities and life chances. Investing in children of all ages can ensure that they can be brought out of the vicious cycle of poverty, discrimination and exploitation. By ensuring […]

Public Expenditure on Children in Karnataka

Using the tools of public expenditure analysis and benefit or expenditure incidence analysis, the study looked at expenditure incurred on children i.e. all individuals within the age group of 0-18 years during the period 2001-02 to 2012-13.

A Study on Community Engagement with Schools in Five States

A number of basic education projects began in the 1990s supported by international agencies with the clear focus of promoting decentralisation in the realm of educational governance. Examples of this include the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) or Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan (SSA) schemes and the institutionalisation of School Management Committees (SMCs) as part of the […]

Report: Evaluation of the Educational Leadership Development Programme (ELDP)

Despite significant investment in a number of reformatory measures in the elementary education sector, indicators relating to the quality of Karnataka’s elementary education have not shown significant improvement. Blame tended to be levelled at exogenous factors like poverty and material difference, though studies indicated towards shortcomings in the outlooks of teaching cadre as well as […]

Interactive Radio/Audio Interventions in Elementary Schools in Karnataka, India: A Policy Simulation Exercise

Advancements in the capabilities and reach of technology have enabled massive adoption of technology in various areas. One example of the same is in distance education programs, with governments and international organisations collaborating for the development and implementation of technology based educational tools to aid the regular teaching process. Amongst the various tools available, special […]

Challenges in Implementing the Right to Education: The Karnataka Case

The Right to Education Act (RTE) 2009 made education a fundamental right of every child, establishing norms to be made for physical and human capital schooling entitlements as well as the responsibilities of the school to the child. A large majority of schools did not fulfill these norms, with most of these schools being central […]

Implementing the Right to Education Act 2009: The Real Challenges

The Right to Education Act (RTE) 2009 made education a fundamental right of every child, establishing norms to be made for physical and human capital schooling entitlements as well as the responsibilities of the school to the child. A large majority of schools did not fulfill these norms, with most of these schools being central […]

Study on Teacher Motivations and Incentives in Bihar

Though having a reputation for being one of the least developed states in India, Bihar has taken crucial steps towards development in multiple areas in the recent years. However, numerous challenges still beset the state in its drive towards achieving universal elementary education, with issues of low participation amongst marginalised groups, inadequate infrastructural and human […]