Cities have been regarded as the engines of economic growth, and the top 10 cities contribute about 1.26 trillion USD (PPP) to India’s GDP of 9.49 trillion USD (PPP). Experience has shown that urbanisation results from an increase in productivity, which in turn shows incremental progress in the product and labour markets, creates competition, and enhances efficiency. For cities to drive growth and sustain their productivity, urban services like water supply, sanitation, solid waste and other infrastructure become very critical. Local governance is the subject of the state list envisaged in the 74th constitutional amendment. However, not all of the functions are devolved to the ULBs by the state governments. Even where it is devolved, it is in part or with no adequate finances. The functioning of specialised parastatal bodies and Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) has resulted in ULBs being largely confined to only core urban services.
The study aimed to understand how Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India implemented sanitation and solid waste management (SWM) services, recognising their critical role in urban productivity and sustainability. It explored the influence of data, budget processes, governance structures, and the implications for both frontline staff and citizens. The research also examined the interaction between state governments and ULBs, including specialised parastatal bodies, in providing sanitation services. A significant focus was placed on the role of ULBs in eradicating manual scavenging, a practice that has persisted despite legal prohibitions. Additionally, the study sought to identify potential funding mechanisms for ULBs to efficiently support sanitation and SWM services. By mapping these elements, the research aimed to provide insights into improving urban sanitation and waste management, ultimately enhancing urban living conditions and public health outcomes across cities in India.
